從屬子句

主要子句

過去

By the time S + Ved…,

S + had Vp.p.

未來

By the time S + V(s)…,

S + will have Vp.p.

1. by the time是連接詞，指「在……之前」，可用於兩種時態：

(1) 如果引導的副詞子句時間點在過去，則主要子句用過去完成式表示。

By the time I got the news, my friend had departed for Japan.

在我得到這個消息時，我的朋友已經去日本了。

By the time I arrived the airport, the plane had taken off.

(在我到達機場時，飛機已經起飛)

By the time I got to the drugstore, it had already closed.

(在我到達藥局時，藥局已經關門)

By the time I turned on the TV, the game had finished.

(在我打開電視時，遊戲已經結束了。)

(2) 如果引導的副詞子句時間點在未來，則主要子句用未來完成式表示。此時by the time後引導的副詞子句需用現在簡單式代替未來式。

Judy will have finished her homework by the time her mom returns home.

(Judy 在她母親回家時，他已經完成他的回家作業).

 

2. by the time和by用法相同，by後面可直接接時間點，如by tomorrow等。

By + 過去時間, S + had + p.p.的意思是「到……時，……已經發生」。

 By the end of last week, Matt had taught English for ten years.

(到上週為止，Matt已經教英文十年了)

 

By + 未來時間, S + will have p.p.的意思為「到……時，將已經……」。

 By next week, I will have finished the final paper.

(到下周，我已經完成期末報告)

 

 

 

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