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「分詞」,就是動詞的變化型,也就是動詞三態變化中過去分詞;或形成「進行式」的ing動詞。

 write:原形動詞     wrote:過去式     written:過去分詞   (或稱 p.p.)     writting:現在分詞 (或稱 V-ing )      writes:動詞 +s

 

過去分詞與現在分詞的差別:

 

現在分詞Present Participles

過去分詞 past participle

狀態上的差異

主動

被動

時間上的差異

動作「正在」(進行或持續)

動作已完成

現在分詞一般被當作形容詞使用,它用來修飾名詞,或是作為主詞或受詞的補語。

1.現在分詞用為形容詞:

 

boiling water 煮沸中的水 (水正在煮沸)

boiled water 煮沸過的水 (已經煮好了)

a moving car

一台移動中的車(主動、進行中)

a moved car

一台被移動的車(被動、已完成)

a burning building

一棟正在燃燒的建築物

a burnt building

一棟被燒毀的建築物

a falling leaf

一片正在掉落的葉子

a fallen leaf

一片落葉

a freezing pond

 

一個正在結冰的池塘

a frozen pond

一個結凍的池塘

比較:

動名詞當主詞

Eating a lot of fruit is good for you.(吃大量的水果對你有益。)

→ Eating 是動名詞;a lot of fruit 是受詞

Eating habits are not easy to change.(飲食習慣不容易改變。)

→ Eating 是現在分詞,修飾名詞 habits

2.修飾名詞

The barking dog kept me awake. 狂吠的狗使得我睡不著。

 

The crying baby on the plane drove us crazy

飛機上哭泣的嬰兒把我們逼瘋了。

 

3.作為主詞補語

 

This book is boring.

這本書很無聊。

 

4.表動詞時態→進行式 

He is doing his homweork.(他正在做作業。)→現在進行式

He was doing his homework at nine yesterday. (他昨天晚上九點正在跳舞。)

過去進行式。 

He has been waiting for you all day.

(他已經等了你一整天。)→現在完成進行式 

 

 

2.go+現在分詞表達「進行某項活動」Go+Ving 表從事某活動文法 

He goes mountain climbing every weekend.她每周末都去爬山。

She went window shopping. 她櫥窗購物。

 

6.現在分詞與感官動詞連用:現在分詞強調地是正在發生的動作。

感官動詞 look at /watch/see/ hear/ listen to/feel/notice/smell  

I heard someone crying. 我聽到有人在哭。

I felt the house shaking. 我感覺到房子在搖。

He saw the bird flying away.他看到鳥兒飛走。

 

 

7.現在分詞與 spend waste 等動詞連用spend cost take 花錢花時間文法(講義) 

句型:主詞 + spend/waste +時間+現在分詞。

My father spent half an hour washing his car. 我父親花半小時洗車。

Don’t waste your time playing online game.不要浪費時間玩電動。

 

8.現在分詞與 catch find 等動詞的連用 find, keep, leave, catch 文法 

Don't let me catch you cheating on a test.不要讓我抓到你考試作弊。

She found her baby sleeping safe and sound. 她發現她的寶貝睡得很安詳。

 

9.現在分詞和其他單字組成「分詞片語」放在名詞後面修飾

The girl taking to Mary is Cindy.

那位正在與Mary說話的人是Cindy.

The girl who is taking to Mary is Cindy. (關代與分詞片語互換)

 

Did you wait for the man who is singing on the stage.

Did you wait for the man singing on the stage.

你正在等待那位正在台上唱歌的男人嗎?

關係代名詞當主詞、受詞、所有格講義  

 

10.用現在分詞來說明原因 英文文法分詞構句與獨立分詞構句 

(1)分詞構句副詞子句的主詞和主要子句的主詞相同

conj. + S1 + V, S1 + V = (conj.) + Ving/p.p., S1 + V

Feeling hungry, Jack ordered food delivery. Jack感覺到肚子餓,因此他點了外送。

Not knowing how to do, Cindy cried out for help. Cindy不知道怎麼辦,因此大聲求救。

 

(2)分詞構句副詞子句的主詞和主要子句的主詞不同
句型:conj. + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 → (conj.) + S1 + (not) + Ving/p.p., S2 + V2

 

兩邊的子句都要保留主詞

If the weather permits, we’ll go camping.
= The weather permitting, we’ll go camping.
(如果天氣允許,我們將去露營。)

 

(3)平行動作轉分詞構句前後主詞相同
句型:S + V1 ~, V2-ing ~
Mindy came home crying. Mindy
哭著回家。

We arrived in the country feeling sad. 我們帶著感傷的心情回到鄉下。

句型:S + V1, and V2 = S + V1, Ving/p.p.

 I lay on my bed, playing on my cellphone.

(我躺在我的床上划手機。)

Kate opened the door, walking into the room.

(Kate 打開門,走進房間。)


(4)
平行動作轉分詞構句前後句子的主詞不同
句型:S1 + V1 and S2 + V2 = S1 + V1, S2 + (not) + Ving/p.p.

Judy rode a bicycle happily, her hair blowing in the air.
Judy快樂地騎著腳踏車,她的頭髮在空中飛揚。)

 

(5) S + V...(,) with + 名詞 + V-ing....(形容詞)

介系詞with可用來引導出附帶的動作。若前述名詞的狀態為主動時,使用現在分詞V-ing

Ted read the touching story, with tears falling down his cheeks.(Ted讀著感人的故事,伴隨著眼淚流落雙頰)

 「過去分詞」:

 

1.搭配動詞表時態

He has done the homework. (他已經寫完作業。) → 現在完成式 

He had done his homework before he went to the party.

(他在前往派對之前已經先做完作業。)→ 過去完成式  

 

2.「被動語態」(be + p.p. 「過去分詞」),「被⋯⋯英文文法被動時態 

The homweork is done by Jack.

作業是被Jack寫完的。現在被動態。

The homweork was done by Jack.

作業是被Jack寫完的。過去被動態

The homweork has been done by Jack.

作業已經被Jack寫完的。現在完成式的被動態。

The homweork had been done by Jack before he went to the party.

(作業已經被Jack寫完,在他去派對之前。)→過去完成式

 

3.當「形容詞」來修飾人事物,而「過去分詞 p.p.」當形容詞則有「被動、已完成」的意思。

 The homework done by Jack is on the table.

Jack 寫的作業在桌上。

Did you see the door made by Lily?

Did you see the picture painted by the girl?

你有看到「Lily做的」那扇門嗎?

4.搭配被動態的感官動詞 被動語態(感官&使役&授與動詞) 

 Hank saw John taken to the hospital.

Hank看到約翰「被帶到醫院」

 

The leader wants this project done by tomorrow.

領導想要這專案「在明天前完成」

 

 

 

 

 

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